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Articles

Barleria lupulina Lindl

Synonyms

Barleria macrostachys Bojer, Hort. Maur. 260

Vernacular Names:

Malaysia:

Bisa Ular Jantan, Penawar Seribu Bisa

English:

Landik, Sujen trus (Java); Jarong Landak

Indonesia:

Sa’ledpa’ngpon [1]

Thailand:

Hua Je Jia Du Juan

China:

Hop-headed barleria

Rodrigues Island:

Piquant tac-tac

General Information

Description

Barleria lupulina Lindl. is a shrub of
the family Acanthaceae. The plant can reach up to a height of 1.5 m high. Stems
glabrous with much branching, 4 angled, armed with one, two or three pairs of
spines 5 – 20 mm long in the leaf axils. The leaves are linear-oblong, 3 – 9.5 x
0.9 – 1.4 cm, cuneate at base and obtuse, mucronulate and glabrous. Petiole up
to 0.6 cm long. The upper surface is dark green in colour with a distinct red
midrib while the under surface is of a lighter shade of green. Inflorescences in
the form of spikes that are erect, terminal, hop-like, up to 9 cm long; bracts
erect, broadly ovate, 1.8 x 1.3 cm, muconulate, ciliolate, on the back at base
with copular glands, brateoles lanceolate, 4 x 1 mm, mucronulate; calyx-lobes
broadly ovate, unequal, 6 – 9 x 1 – 4 mm, shortly aristate; corolla yellow; tube
3 cm long, bent at the base, expanded above; stamens exserted; capsules not
seen. [1]

Plant Part Used

Leaves, roots, bark [1]

Chemical Constituents

Scutellarein-7-rhamnosyl glucoside;
acetylbarlerin; 6-O-acetylshanzhiside methylester;
8-O-acetyl-6-O-trans-p-coumaroylshanzhiside; saletpangponosides A-C and
8-O-acetylmussaenoside; ipolamiidoside; barlerin; shanzhiside methyl ester;
mussaenosidic acid; 8-O-acetylshanzhiside; and shanzhiside

Traditional Use:

Leaves are used to treat snakebites, dog bites,
swelling due to fall or assault, boils, bleeding wounds and rheumatism. For
boils and traumatic swelling a decoction of the leaves is being given orally in
a dose of ½ glass twice per day. For snakebites a glass of the decoction of 9 g
of leaves being taken immediately while still hot. The leaves are pounded and
applied over the bite site. For rheumatic pains 15 g of the leaves are pounded
and mixed with ¼ teaspoon of lime (kapur sirih) and this is applied over the
affected part. [1]

Pre-Clinical Data

Pharmacology

Antimicrobial activity:

Organic extracts of B. lupulina, were
tested against HSV-2(G) and five clinical HSV-2 islolates. It was found that the
extract exhibited activity against all five isolates but not the standard
strain. However, when the activities were verified by yield reduction assay,
anti-HSV-2 activities were observed against HSV-2(G) too. [2]

The chloroform extract of B. lupulina
was shown to be active against Entamoeba histolytica strain
HM1:IMSS at IC(50) 78.5 microg/ml. [3]

Crude extracts of B. lupulina, has
strong inhibitory effects against Propionibacterium acnes and
Staphylococcus epidermidis. [4]

Anti-inflammatory
activity:

Sabu et al studied the anti-inflammatory
activity of Methanol extract of B. lupulina in acute and subacute
inflammation models in albino rats. They found that at all tested doses there
were significant reduction in the inflammatory processes compared to untreated
groups. There was also a reduction in granulation tissue weight. [5]

A more recent study performed by Wanikiat et
al demonstrated that the extract induced a powerful dose-dependent
inhibitory effects on oedema in two rat models i.e. carrageenan-induced paw
oedema and ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced ear oedema. There was a significant
inhibition of MPO activity in the inflamed tissue indicating that the
anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts is associated with reduced neutrophil
migration. Treatment of neutrophils with the extracts concentration-dependently
inhibited fMLP-induced chemotaxis, SAG, and MPO and elastase release. These
findings suggest that the powerful anti-inflammatory properties of B.
lupulina extract is mediated, in part, by inhibition of neutrophil
responsiveness. [6]

Analgesic activity:

In their anti-inflammatory studies Sabu et
al found that the methanol extract of B. lupulina inhibited
acetic acid induced writhing in rats indicating some analgesic properties. [5]

Antiulcerogenic activity:

Gastric cytoprotective activity of the methanol
extract of aerial parts of the plant B. lupulina in albino rats were
studied using various models of ulcers such as drug induced ulcers, restraint
ulcers, duodenal ulcers and pylorus ligated ulcers. The effect of the extract on
gastric secretion and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reacting
substances TBARS) was also studied in rats. It was found that the extract at a
dose of 200mg/kg effectively reduced the volume of gastric juice, total acidity
and the ulcer index in pylorus ligated rats. It also afforded significant
protection against alcohol and indomethacin induced ulcer as well as stress
induced ulceration. It also afforded protection against the development of
duodenal ulcers. [7]

Acute administration of methanol extract
of B. lupulina (300mg/kg) did not induce ulcer formation in
stomach of rats as reported by Sabu et al. [5]

Antidiabetic activity:

The methanol extracts of the aerial parts of
Barleria lupulina Lindl. Show a significanty reduction in blood glucose
levels in streptozocin induced diabetic rats at dose of 100, 200 and 300mg/kg.
The most effective dose was at 300mg/kg which is comparable to glibenclamide
10mg/kg. [8]

Neuropharmacological
activity:

The central nervous system activity was
tested in several experimental models, in mice and rats: general behavioru,
exploratory behavior, muscle relaxant activity, conditioned avoidance response
and phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time tests. The methanol extract
(100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) showed reduction in general behavioural pattern
(spontaneous activity, alertness, awareness, pain response and touch response)
in a dose dependent manner. The extract was found to produce a significant
reduction of the exploratory behavioral profile (Y-maze test, head dip test) and
conditioned avoidance response with all the tested doses. The methanolic extract
showed significant motor incoordination and muscle relaxant activity. The
extract also potentiated phenobarbitone sodium induced sleeping time.
Preliminary investigation showed that the methanol extract of B. lupulina
has significant psychopharmacological activity. [9]

Toxicities

No documentation

Clinical Data

Clinical Trials

No documentation

Adverse Effects in Human:

No documentation

Use in Certain Conditions

Pregnancy / Breastfeeding

No documentation

Age Limitations

Neonates / Adolescents

No documentation

Geriatrics

No documentation

Chronic
Disease Conditions

No documentation

Interactions

Interactions with drugs

The extracts should be given to diabetics on
antidiabetic therapy with caution due to its hypoglycaemic activities. It should
not be given with phenobarbitone.[8][9]

Interactions with Other Herbs /
Herbal Constituents

No documentation

Contraindictions

Contraindications

No documentation

Case Reports

No documentation

References

H. Arief Hariana Tumbuhan Obat
dan Khasiatnya 2 Penebar Swadaya Jakarta 2008 pg. 81 – 82.

C. Yoosook, Y. Panpisutchaia, S.
Chaichanab, T. Santisukc and V. Reutrakulb Evaluation of anti-HSV-2 activities
of Barleria lupulina and Clinacanthus nutans
Journal of Ethnopharmacology November 1999, 67(2):179-187.

Sawangjaroen N, Phongpaichit S,
Subhadhirasakul S, Visutthi M, Srisuwan N, Thammapalerd N. The anti-amoebic
activity of some medicinal plants used by AIDS patients in southern Thailand.
Parasitol Res. 2006 May;98(6):588-92.

Chomnawang MT, Surassmo S,
Nukoolkarn VS, Gritsanapan W. Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants
against acne-inducing bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct
3;101(1-3):330-3.

Suba V, Murugesan T,
Kumaravelrajan R, Mandal SC, Saha BP. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and
antiperoxidative efficacy of Barleria lupulina Lindl. extract. Phytother Res.
2005 Aug;19(8):695-9.

Wanikiat P, Panthong A,
Sujayanon P, Yoosook C, Rossi AG, Reutrakul V. The anti-inflammatory effects
and the inhibition of neutrophil responsiveness by Barleria lupulina
and Clinacanthus nutans extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Mar
5;116(2):234-44.

Suba V, Murugesan T, Pal M,
Mandal SC, Saha BP. Antiulcer activity of methanol fraction of Barleria
lupulina Lindl. in animal models. Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):925-9.

Suba V, Murugesan T, Arunachalam
G, Mandal SC, Saha BP. Anti-diabetic potential of Barleria lupulina extract in
rats. Phytomedicine. 2004 Feb;11(2-3):202-5.

Suba V, Murugesan T, Rao RB, Pal
M, Mandal SC, Saha BP. Neuropharmacological profile of Barleria lupulina
Lindl. Extract in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002
Jul;81(2):251-5.

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